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簡述陰陽學說的基本內容

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(一)對立制約自然界的一切事物和現象都存在著相互對立的陰陽兩個方面。對立的陰陽雙方時刻都在相互對立的狀態中相互制約著。如寒涼與溫熱,水與火相互對立;同時溫熱可以驅散寒冷,冰涼可以降低高溫,水可以滅火,火可以蒸化水液等。溫熱與火屬陽,寒冷與水屬陰,這就是陰陽之間的相互制約。陰陽雙方制約的結果,使事物取得了動態平衡。就人體的正常生理功能而言,功能之興奮為陽,抑制為陰,興奮制約抑制,抑制制約興奮,興奮與抑制相互制約,從而維持人體功能的動態平衡,這就是人體的正常生理狀態。

(二)互根互用陰陽互根是指一切事物或現象中相互對立著的陰陽兩個方面,具有相互依存、互為根本的關系。陰或陽任何一方都不能脫離另一方而單獨存在,每一方都以相對的另一方的存在作為自己存在的前提和條件。如上為陽,下為陰,沒有上也就無所謂下,沒有下也就無所謂上。興奮屬陽,抑制屬陰,無興奮就無所謂抑制,無抑制也就無所謂興奮。熱為陽,寒為陰,沒有熱也就無所謂寒,沒有寒也就無所謂熱等等。所以說,陽依存于陰,陰依存于陽,中醫學把陰陽這種相互依存的關系稱為“互根”。

(三)消長平衡“消”是消弱、減少:“長”是增強、增長。陰陽消長是指相互對立又相互依存的陰陽雙方,不是處于靜止不變的狀態,而始終處于“陰消陽長”或“陽消陰長”的運動變化之中。所謂“消長”,是說一方增長,會削弱對方的力量,導致對方相對不足,即“此長彼消”;或一方的不足,導致對方的相對亢盛,即“此消彼長”。陰陽雙方在這種消長變化的運動中,維持著陰陽之間的相對平衡。所以說,陰陽之間的平衡,不是靜止的和絕對的平衡,而是始終貫穿著陰陽雙方的消長變化,是動態的、相對的平衡。這種平衡關系稱為消長平衡,它也反映了辯證唯物主義關于物質的絕對運動和相對靜止的觀點。

(四)陰陽轉化陰陽對立的雙方,在一定的條件下,可以各自向其相反的方向轉化,陰可以轉化為陽,陽也可以轉化為陰,從而使事物的性質發生根本性的改變。如晝夜的交替,寒暑的變化,疾病過程中寒證、熱證的相互轉化都是陰陽轉化的實例。需要指出的是:陰陽消長是事物發展變化的量變過程,陰陽轉化是事物發展變化過程中的質變階段。陰陽轉化有漸變、突變兩種方式。如一年四季中寒暑交替,一天之中晝夜的轉化即屬于漸變的方式;夏天極熱天氣的驟冷和下冰雹,屬于突變形式。陰陽轉化必須具備一定的條件,這種條件就是“重”或“極”,即所謂“重陰必陽,重陽必陰”:“寒極生熱,熱極生寒”(《素問·陰陽應象大論》)。這里的“重”和“極”就是促成轉化的條件。如急性熱病中,由于熱毒極甚,正氣大傷,在持續高熱,大汗淋漓的情況下,突然出現體溫下降,面色蒼白,四肢厥冷,脈微欲絕等陽氣暴脫的危象,即屬于陽證轉化為陰證。此時,若搶救及時,處理得當,四肢轉溫,色脈轉和,陽氣恢復,陰又轉陽,病情又可轉危為安。此病例中熱毒極盛,致陽氣隨津液外泄就是陰陽轉化的條件。陰陽的轉化過程是一個由量變到質變的過程。陰陽消長是量變,是陰陽轉化的前提;陰陽轉化是質變,是陰陽消長的結果。

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