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試述 FSH、 LH、 PGF2α 、 P 激素的來源、生理作用。

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（一） FSH1．來源：垂體前葉。2．生理作用對雌性動物：（ 1）在生理條件下， FSH與 LH具有協同作用，可刺激卵泡的生長發育；（ 2）提高卵泡壁的攝氧量，增加蛋白質合成；（ 3）促進卵泡內膜細胞分化，促進顆粒細胞增生和卵泡液的分泌。對雄性動物：具有促進生精上皮發育和精子形成，并與睪酮協同作用更有利于精子的形成。（二） LH1．來源：垂體前葉。2．生理作用對雌性動物：（ 1） LH可誘發排卵、促進黃體形成；（ 2） LH與 FSH協同促進卵泡發育成熟、內膜增生，并參與內膜細胞合成分泌雌激素。對雄性動物：（ 1） LH能刺激間質細胞促進睪酮生成；（ 2）在睪酮與 FSH的協同下，促進精子充分成熟。（三） PGF2α1．來源：子宮、腎臟等其他多種組織器官。2．生理作用（ 1）溶解黃體。（ 2）促進卵泡外膜平滑肌收縮，增加卵泡內壓，并能促使卵泡壁降解酶的合成，而導致卵泡破裂和卵子排出。（四）孕激素1．來源：主要來源于卵巢中黃體細胞。2．生理作用（ 1）子宮粘膜增厚，促進子宮與乳腺增生，促進附植前子宮乳的分泌；（ 2）抑制子宮收縮，降低子宮的興奮性，維持在妊娠階段胎兒的正常環境；（ 3）大量的 P可以抑制母畜發情；少量的 P與 E作用，可使母畜發情；（ 4）可抑制母畜排卵，具有保胎作用；（ 5）促進子宮頸收縮，子宮頸粘液變粘稠，防止異物侵入感染。

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How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald’s in Europe A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’s in January 2004, the world’s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers’ favourite enemy operates. B. So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the number of customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly. C. Mr Hennequin’s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’s operations, to be “locally relevant”, and to improve the experience of visiting his 6,400 restaurants. McDonald’s is blamed for making people fat, exploiting workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns. D. He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50,000 visitors came to McDonald’s through the visitors’ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald’s packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners. E. Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that “McJobs”, the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald’s restaurants, are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired: last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’s employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald’s managers across the continent. F. To stay in touch with local needs and preferences, McDonald’s employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald’s in Russia, though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers, for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was, in fact, buying their produce.) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum, a German model, as local brand ambassadors. G. In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise new recipes in response to local trends. H. Given France’s reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe, it seems odd that McDonald’s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company’s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’s is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain. I. “Fixing Britain should be his priority,” says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald’s restaurants in Britain are company-owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer. J. M.Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s and below America’s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin’s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group’s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob. Notes to Reading Passage 1 1.sterling高質量的 e.g. He has many sterling qualities. 他身上有許多優秀的品質。 2. menial 不體面的, 乏味的(工作、職業) 3. spruce up打扮整齊、漂亮、裝飾 4. mastermind指揮、謀劃(一個計劃或活動) e.g. The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是誰策劃了那次搶劫。 5. underperform表現不佳表現出低于標準的工作水平、企業出現虧本 Questions 1-6 Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1? Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet. TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writer FALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 1. McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except France after Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets. 2. Starting from last year, detailed labels are put on McDonald’s packaging and detailed information is also printed on tray-liners. 3. France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe, but the ideas of the “open door” visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market. 4. Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries and approximately 1214 McDonald’s restaurants are company-owned. 5. According to David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS, David Hennequin should treat the problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing. 6. David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as many its outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival. Questions 7-10 Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet. 7. The word “sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means__________. A. difficult B. menial C. terrible D. excellent 8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE? A. It tends to make people fat. B. Its operations are very vague. C. It tends to exploit workers. D. It tends to treat animals cruelly. 9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result? A. “Food Studio” scheme. B. “Open Door” visitor days. C. The “McPassport” scheme. D. The Nutrition Information Initiative. 10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends? A. set up a “Food Studio” . B. established a “Design Studio”. C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors. D. employed local bosses as much as possible. Questions 11-14 Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken from Reading Passage 1. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet. 11. After January 2004, McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were …………………………. 12. Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December since customers took to …………………………….. 13. Compared with other countries, France is McDonald’s ………………………. next to America. 14. ……………………. of McDonald’s restaurants in America are companied–owned and the figure is much lower than that in Britain.
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