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理論與實務(wù)
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1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise
and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as
between ice ages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model
of our star's core.
2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled
the effect of temperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the
standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant by the
opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However, Ehrlich believed that
slight variations should be possible.
3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly
Observatory of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a
collaborator, Gábor ágoston, calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core
could produce small instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would
induce localised oscillations in temperature.
4 Ehrlich's model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each
other out, some reinforce one another and become long-lived temperature
variations. The favoured frequencies allow the sun's core temperature to
oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvin in cycles
lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions
within the sun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle
length to the other.
5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with
Earth's ice ages: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly
every 100,000 years. Before that, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.
6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes
in Earth's orbit, known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the
way Earth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and
back again roughly every 100,000 years. The theory says this alters the amount
of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages. However, a
persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the
ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.
7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should
change from one to another," says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open
University in Milton Keynes, UK. Nor is the transition problem the only one the
Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other critics claim that the temperature
variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough to drive ice
ages.
8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by
Milankovitch cycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For
example, if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide
that would otherwise have found its way into the atmosphere as part of the
carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effect and
Earth grows even colder.
9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add
their effects together, there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch
work," he says. "The problem now is identifying which mechanisms are at work."
This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on the current
theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observe them to
happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with
observation," he says. "I can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see
where we are in the temperature oscillation."
10 Ehrlich concedes this. "If there is a way to test this theory on the sun,
I can't think of one that is practical," he says. That's because variation over
41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to be observed. However, there may be a
way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are much smaller than
that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be
short enough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the
extent of variation in brightness to be expected.
11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from
convinced. He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible". Ehrlich
counters that Weiss's opinion is based on the standard solar model, which fails
to take into account the magnetic instabilities that cause the temperature
fluctuations.
Questions 1-4
Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the
scientists from the box below.
Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
A. Attila Grandpierre
B. Gábor ágoston
C. Neil Edwards
D. Nigel Weiss
E. Robert Ehrlich
1. ...claims there a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness
to rise and fall in periods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.
2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fields could produce
instabilities in the solar plasma.
3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on
Earth and the changes are amplified on Earth.
4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.
Questions 5-9
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading
passage?
In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet write
TRUE if the statement is true according to the passage
FALSE if the statement is false according to the passage
NOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage
5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million
years ago.
6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain
why the ice age frequency should shift from one to another.
7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the
greenhouse effect.
8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though
they haven't figured out which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar
heating.
9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test
when the solar temperature oscillation begins and when ends.
Questions 10-14
Complete the notes below.
Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.
The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear
fusions hold the temperature ...10...in the sun's interior, but the slight
changes in the earth's ...11... alter the temperature on the earth and cause ice
ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however, challenges this view by
claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12... can induce the temperature
oscillations in the sun's interior. The sun's core temperature oscillates around
its average temperature in ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And
the ...14... interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip the
fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, which explains why the ice ages
changed frequency a million years ago.
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To begin with,"muzak"(音樂廣播網(wǎng) )was intended simplyto createasoothing(安慰)atmosphere.Recently,however,it's ecome big business —thanks in part to recentresearch.Dr.Ronald Milliman,an American marketing expert,hasshown that music can boost sales or increase factory roduction by as much as a third.But,it has to be light music.A fast one has no effect atall on sales.Slow music can increase receipts by 38%.This isprobably because shoppers slow down and have more opportunityto spot items they like to buy.Yet,slow music isn't alway sanswer.Dr.Milliman found,for example,that in restaurants slowmusic meant customers took longer to eat their meals,whichreduced overall sales.So restaurants owners might be welladvised to play up-tempo music to keep the customers moving—unless of course,the resulting indigestion leads tocomplaints!
練習(xí)：
1.The reason why background music is so popular isthat ______.
A.it can have a powerful effect on those who hear it
B.it can help to create a soothing atmosphere
C.it can boost sales or increase factory production erywhere
D.it can make customers eat their meals quickly
2.Background music means ________.
A.light music that customers enjoy mostB.fast music that makes people move
fast
C.slow music that can make customers enjoy their meals
D.the music you are listening to while you are doingomething
3.Restaurant owners complain about background musicbecause ______.
A.it results in indigestion
B.it increases their sales
C.it keeps customers moving
D.it decreases their sales
4.The word"up-tempo music"probably means_____.
A.slow music
B.fast music
C.light music
D.classical music
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