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Passage 4
Questions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage:
Successful innovations have driven many older technologies to extinction and
have resulted in higher productivity, greater consumption of energy, increased
demand of raw materials, accelerated flow of materials through the economy and
increased quantities of metals and other substances in use each person. The
history of industrial development abounds with examples.
In 1870, horses and mules were the prime source of power on U.S. farms. One
horse or mule was required to support four human beings a ratio that remained
almost constant for many decades. At that time, had a national commission been
asked to forecast the population for 1970, its answer probably would have
depended on whether its consultants were of an economic or technological turn of
mind. Had they been “economists”, they would probably have projected the 1970
horses or mule population to be more than 50 million. Had they been
“technologists”, they would have recognized that the power of steam had already
been harnessed to industry and to learn and ocean transport. They would have
recognized further that it would be the prime source of power on the farm. It
would have been difficult for them to avoid the conclusion that the horse and
mule population would decline rapidly.
16. According to the passage, what supplied most of the power on U.S. farms
in 1870?
A. Animals B. Humans C. Engines D. Water
17. Which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author as a consequence of
new technological developments?
A. Older technologies die away.
B. The quality of life is Improved.
C. Overall productivity increase.
D. More raw materials become necessary.
18. It can be inferred from the passage that by 1870 .
A. technology began to be more economical
B. the steam engine had been invented
C. the U.S. horse population was about 10 million
D. a national commission was about 10 million
19. In the second paragraph, the author suggests that “economists” would
.
A. plan the economy through yearly forecasts
B. fail to consider the influence of technological innovation
C. value the economic contribution of farm animals
D. consult the national commission on the economy
20. What is the author’s attitude toward changes brought on by technological
innovations?
A. He is excited about them.
B. He accept them as natural.
C. He is disturbed by them.
D. He questions their usefulness.
Passage 2
Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:
When aluminum was first produced about a hundred and fifty years ago, it was
so difficult to separate form the ores in which it was found that its price was
higher than that of gold. The price remained high until a new process was
discovered for refining the metal with the aid of electricity approximately
three quarters of a century later. The new method was so much cheaper that
aluminum because practical for many purposes, one of which was making pots and
pans.
Aluminum is lightweight, rustproof and easily shaped into different forms. By
mixing it with other metals, scientists have been able to produce a variety of
alloys, some of which have the strength of steel but weigh only one third as
much.
Today, the uses of aluminum are innumerable. Perhaps its most important use
is in transportation. Aluminum is found in the engine of automobiles, in the
hulls of boats. It is also used in many parts of airplanes. In fact, the huge
“airbus” planes would probably never have been produced if aluminum did not
exist. By making vehicles lighter in weight aluminum has greatly reduced the
amount of fuel needed to move them, Aluminum is also being used extensively in
the building industry in some countries.
Since aluminum is such a versatile (多用的) metal, it is fortunate that bauxite
(鋁土礦), which is one of its chief sources, is also one of the earth’s most
plentiful substances. As the source of aluminum is almost inexhaustible, we can
expect that more and more uses will be found for this versatile metal.
6. The price of aluminum was sharply reduced when people discovered a new
refining process with the aid of .
A. wind B. solar energy C. hydraulic power D. electricity
7. Aluminum is .
A. lightweight, rustproof but not easily shaped into different forms
B. heavyweight, rustproof and easily shaped into different forms
C. lightweight, rustproof and easily shaped into different forms
D. lightweight and easily shaped into different forms but it is easy to
become rusty
8. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Aluminum is widely used in transportation.
B. Aluminum is also used in many parts of airplanes.
C. Aluminum is being used extensively in the building industry.
D. Aluminum is not used in its pure form.
9. Aluminum is found on earth mostly in the form of .
A. pure metal B. bauxite C. gold D. liquid
10. What is the passage talking about?
A. The features of aluminum and its functions. B. The process of
aluminum.
C. The discovery of aluminum. D. The promising future of aluminum.
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